ASHISH SAMANT'S BLOG

Gym Workout: Intermediate

2009-10-15T04:55:00.000-07:00

Day 1: Chest + Back
1. Flat Bench [Bar/Dmbll] 6s
2. Incline Bench [Bar/Dmbll] 6s
3. Ped deck 4s
4. Dips - (Min 10R) 4s
-----BACK-----
5. Pull Over - 4s
6. Front pulley 5s
7. One Hand Rowing 5s
8. Let Pull Down/ T-Bar Rowing 4s
9. Back Pulley/Narrow Grip 4s

Day 2: Legs
1. Extension 5s
2. Leg press 5s
3. Leg Lunges 4s
4. Stiff leg deadlift/ Leg Curling 4s
5. Baithak [100R] 4s
6. Calfs 4s

Day 3: Cardio
No weight lifting
1. ABS Leg raises [25R] 6s
2. ABS Crunches [25R] 6s
3. Namaskar 5s
4. Twisting + Bending
5. Parallo 5s

Day 4: Shoulder + Arms
Superset
1. Front Press [bar] 5s
2. Front Raises 5s

Superset
3. Overhead dumbell press 5s
4. Side raises 5s

5. Rowing 3s
6. Back Rowing 3s

Superset
7. Barbell dumbell curling 4s
8. Push Down Tricep 4s

Superset
9. Dumbell Curling 4s
10. Both hand Tricep 4s

11. Decline push down 8s (ocassionally)
12. Hammer Curling 3s
13. Forearms + reverse forearms 3s + 3s

Day 5: Cardio
1. Leg raises [25R] 6s
2. ABS Crunches [25R] 6s
3. Parallo [Total-50R..in] 5s
4. Dips [Total-50R..in] 5s
5. Baithak[Total-50R..in] 4s
6. Jumps [500R]
7.

Day 6: Legs
1. Extension 5s
2. Leg press 5s
3. Leg Lunges 4s
4. Stiff leg deadlift/ Leg Curling 4s
5. Baithak [100R] 4s
6. Calfs 4s

Day 7: Funday!
1. N-joy
2. N-joy
3. N-joy

Gym Workout Schedule: Begineer

2009-08-12T21:59:00.000-07:00

Day 1: Chest + Front Deltoid
1. Flat Bench 5s
2. Incline Bench Dumbell/Bar 5s
3. Ped deck 4s
4. Dips - (Min 10R) 4s
5. Front Press - Bar 4s
6. Front raise 4s
7. Fore arms 4s

Day 2: Back + Rear Deltoid
1. Front Pulley - (Min 20R) 4s
2. One hand rows 4s
3. Pull over 4s
4. Bench Pull Down 4s
5. Seating both hand pulley 4s
6. Kolor seating dumbell 4s
7. Overhead dumbell 4s
8. Side raise 4s

Day 3: Cardio
No weight lifting
1. Pullups 5s
2. Dips 5s
3. Parallel Bar 4s
4. Abs all 4s
5. Cycling, etc...

Day 4: Legs
1. Baitak 2s
2. Extension 4s
3. Leg press 4s
4. Stiff deadlift 4s
5. Leg Curling 4s
6. Calfs 4s

Day 5: Biceps + Triceps + Kolors
1. Front rowing 4s
2. Back rowing 4s
3. Barbell curling + Tricep pushdown 4s+4s
4. Dumbell curling +
Overhead dumbell Tricep both hand 4s+4s
5. Hammer curling 4s
6. Fore arms 2s
7. Reverse forearms 2s

Day 6: Cardio
No weight lifting
1. Pullups 5s
2. Namaskars 5s
3. Parallel Bar 4s
4. Abs all
5. Twisting, Bending 4s
5. Cycling, etc...

Day 7: Funday!
1. N-joy
2. N-joy
3. N-joy

Gym Workout Week Plan for a Employeed Men.

2009-07-28T01:56:00.000-07:00

I. Plan 1
Hi guys, in this topic we r gonna discuss workout plan for a working man.
For every working man, its difficult to go to GYM regularly with high energy levels due to the job stress and the fatigue caused by constant mental pressure, therefore we need to "TRAIN SMARTER RATHER THAN HARDER", so that v get the same results in less time and efforts.

first of all i would like to go for the recovery session pre-workout

TIME- 12 MINUTES

Exercises are best done during evenings(between 6-8 pm) as our body`s metabolism is high and energy is released at that time. after coming back from work in the evening, all u need to do is change ur clothes and wear loose clothes, then sit with a straight back, forget all the worries in your life(no disturbance allowed from any source); take a deep breath hold for a second and release slowly. perform this for 5 minutes and feel as if u r taking oxygen in ur body and exhaling stress and fatigue from ur body alongwith CO2. then after that stretch ur hands, back and legs for another 5 minutes to release the stress in the form of stiffness.

relax for 2 minutes and now u r ready to hit the gym.

remember: u must have something light to snack upon before u hit the gym with some energy, otherwise u will time-out soon. U can have a brown bread slice with 1 teaspoon Peanut butter, or 1 apple, or a handful of almonds or any nuts, or a scoop of protein shake in water, or half a bar of dark chocolate.

II. Plan 2
Dear friends, after applying the PLAN 1 for recovery and relaxation, now is the time to hit the gym. in this plan we will discuss about the 2 body parts to be exercised alongwith the weights, reps, rest in between and also the frequency of sets to be completed. for this the plan is as under.

first of all divide all the exercises in various COMBOS, wherein u can do 2 exercises at the same time. the best part about it is the fact, that while doing combos u keep ur body busy in exercise and while u do one body part the other part rests and recovers for the next set. as a result there are 2 benefits-

1) u save time, and do complete workouts,

2) u torch more calories from ur body by increasing the metabolism of ur body and exchange it for more muscles and strength. it also makes ur body resistant and stronger to tolerate fatigue in the long run.

weekly plan.

MONDAY=CHEST AND BACK

TUESDAY=SHOULDERS AND THIGHS

WEDNESDAY=BISCEPS AND TRICEPS

THURSDAY=POWER TRAINING(DEAD LIFT, LIFTING VERY HEAVY WEIGHTS BUT DOING THEM CORRECTLY) AND SOME CARDIO EXERCISES ALONGWITH A BIT OF VARIOUS STRETCHES AFFECTING YOUR ABDOMINALS.

FRIDAY=CHEST AND BACK

SATURDAY=BISCEPS, TRICEPS AND SHOULDERS.

SUNDAY= REST AND HAVE FUN WITH THE TONED BODY U GET AFTER SUCH A LOT OF HARD WORK. BONUS THE PRAISES FROM UR WIFE AND FRIENDS IF U R MARRIED, NAUGHTY STARES FROM UR GIRLFRIENDS IF U ARE COMMITTED AND CHANCES OF GETTING THE NEXT DOOR HOTTIE SINCE U BECOME HER EYECANDY AND LOOK MORE HOTTER TO HER THAN HER CURRENT BOYFRIEND WHOM SHE IS GONNA DUMP JUST TO BE INVOLVED WITH YOU.

III. Plan 3: MONDAY
ITS MONDAY AND U AR GOING TO DO "CHEST AND BACK".

TIME FOR THE WHOLE WORKOUT- 1 HOUR

SINCE U HAVE ALREADY RELAXED UR BODY USING PART 1 OF THIS PLAN, NOW IN THE GYM NO NEED TO DO WARMUP BY STRETCHING, CYCLING AND RUNNING ON THE TREADMILL. SO LETS START WITH THE:-

CHEST
=====
FLAT BENCH= PUT VERY LIGHT WEIGHTS ON THE ROD WHICH IS ENOUGH TO ALLOW U TO DO 25 REPS OF 4 SETS EACH.MAKE SURE U DO IT SLOWLY AND CALMLY.

FLAT BENCH DUMBBELLS= DO IT IN THE SAME MANNER ABOVE, WITH INCREASED WEIGHTS AND DECREASED REPS BUT SAME NUMBER OF SETS.

INCLINE BENCH= DO 2 SETS WITH HEAVY WEIGHTS OF 12-15 REPS EACH.

DUMBBELL FLY ON INCLINE BENCH= DO 3 SETS OF 15 REPS EACH.

PEC-DEC BUTTERFLY= DO 5 SETS OF 20 REPS EACH

IMPORTANT- U NEED TO REST 30-45 SECONDS BETWEEN THE SETS OF A PARTICULAR EXERCISE AND THE REST TIME FROM 1 EXERCISE TO ANOTHER SHOULD NOT EXCEED 2 MINUTES. IF U WISH TO INCREASE WEIGHTS, THEN U CAN INCREASE THE WEIGHT IN SUCH A MANNER SO THAT U COMPLETE 10 REPS OF EACH SET.

AFTER FINISHING THE ABOVE CHEST EXERCISES REST FOR 3-4 MINUTES AND LETS GET STARTED WITH THE BACK

BACK
====
FRONT LAT PULLDOWN= DO 4 SETS OF 25 REPS.

ROWING= DO 3 SETS OF 20 REPS

CHINUPS= 3 SETS OF AT LEAST 6-7 REPS.

REST FOR 5 MINUTES AFTER COMPLETING THE WHOLE WORKOUT, AFTER THAT HIT EITHER THE TREADMILL OR STATIONERY CYCLE FOR A SMALL WALK OF 5 MINUTES OR CYCLING FOR 5 MINUTES FOR UR BODY TO COOL DOWN.
========================================
REMEMBER: REST TIME SHOULD NOT EXCEED THE AMOUNT MENTIONED ABOVE.DO THE EXERCISES IN ROTATION, SO THAT U DONT GET BORED WHILE DOING THE SAME EXERCISE ROUTINE AGAIN AND AGAIN.

SESSION ENDS FOR MONDAY

IV. Plan 4: Tuesday
ITS TUESDAY, AND NOW IS THE TIME FOR U TO DO SHOULDERS AND THIGHS.

AS DISCUSSED EARLIER, GET SOME WARMUP SESSIONS USING PART-1 OF WORKOUT PLAN FOR A WORKING MAN, AND THEN HIT THE GYM. LETS START WITH THE SHOULDERS FIRST.

SHOULDERS
=========
SIDE RAISES(SHOULDER FLY DUMBBELLS)= DO 5 SETS OF 20REPS EACH

FRONT ROD= DO 4 SETS OF 25 REPS EACH.

BACK ROD= DO 3 SETS OF 25 REPS EACH.

UPRIGHT ROD ROWING(VERY EFFECTIVE EXERCISE)= DO 4 SETS OF 15-20 REPS EACH.

FRONT DUMBBELL RAISES(VERY EFFECTIVE EXERCISE)= DO 4 SETS OF 15-20 REPS EACH.

UPRIGHT ALTERNATE DUMBBELL RAISES= DO 2-3 SETS OF 15 REPS EACH.

"WORD OF WISDOM:- GUYS, WE OFTEN IGNORE OUR SHOULDERS AND CONCENTRATE MORE ON BISCEPS, TRICEPS AND CHEST, BUT THERE IS A FACT U DONT LNOW. STRONG SHOULDERS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN YOUR OVERALL STRENGTH TO LIFT ENORMOUS HEAVY WEIGHTS(WHICH A NORMAL GUY CANNOT LIFT FROM YOUR CATEGORY)", AND ALSO PREVENTS YOUR BODY FROM SERIOUS INJURIES AND CORRECTS YOUR OVERALL POSTURE(PHYSIQUE)

THIGHS
======
THIGHS ARE AGAIN THE MOST IGNORED PART OF OUR BODY, BUT WHAT U DONT KNOW IS, THAT STRONG THIGHS ARE THE PILLARS OF OUR BODY, WHO SUPPORT THE BODY WEIGHT AND BALANCE. WITHOUT STRONG THIGHS OUR BODY IS JUST LIKE A SKYSCRAPER WITH WEAK FOUNDATION, WHICH CAN COLLAPSE WITH JUST A MILD EARTHQUAKE, GOT IT?
STRONG THIGHS ALSO PREVETNS UNWANTED STRESS ON YOUR KNEE JOINTS. I THINK, NOW LETS START WITH:-

THIGHS
======

WEIGHTED SIT-UPS= DO 6 SETS OF 10-12 REPS.

LYING LEG RAISES= DO 4 SETS OF 10-15 REPS EACH.

LYING LEG RAISES= DO 2 SETS OF 10-15 REPS EACH.

LUNGES= DO 2 SETS OF 10-12 REPS EACH.

"WORD OF WISDOM":- GUYS U NEED TO ENSURE 1 THING THAT U DONT REST FOR LONGER PERIODS(>40 SECS) COZ LONGER REST PERIODS WONT BREAK UR MUSCLES AND AS A RESULT THEY WONT GROW PROPERLY, SINCE SHOULDERS AND THIGHS TAKE MORE TIME TO GROW, AND THEREFORE U NEED TO PUSH THE LIMIT AT THIS POINT BY LESS REST OF NOT MORE THAN 40 SECS IN BETWEEN SETS AND REPS.

V. Plan 5: Thursday
ITS WEDNESDAY, AND NOW IS THE TIME FOR U TO DO BISCEPS AND TRICEPS.

AFTER USING PART-1 OF THIS PLAN, HIT THE GYM AND GET STARTED WITH :-

BISCEPS
=======
STANDING ROD= DO 4 SETS OF 20-25 REPS EACH

PREACHER CURLS= DO 4 SETS OF 20-25 REPS EACH

DUMBBELL CURLS= DO 4 SETS OF 20-25 REPS EACH

CONCENTRATION CURLS= DO 4 SETS OF 15-20 REPS EACH

REVERSE ARM STANDING ROD= DO 2 SETS OF 10-20 REPS EACH

1-2-3 ROD CURL SUPER SET= DO 1 SET OF 7 REPS EACH OF THE 1,2,3 CURLS

TRICEPS
=======

DOUBLE HAND OVER HEAD DUMBBELL= DO 4 SETS OF 20-25 REPS EACH

PULLEY PRESS DOWN(VERY EFFECTIVE EXERCISE)= DO 4 SETS OF 20-25 REPS EACH

LYING TRICEPS ON FLAT BENCH= DO 4 SETS OF 20-25 REPS EACH

SINGLE HAND BACK HEAD DUMBBELL= DO 4 SETS OF 20 REPS EACH

DUMBBELL KICKBACK= DO 4 SETS OF 15 REPS EACH

OVER HEAD PULLEY PULL DOWN(VERY EFFECTIVE EXERCISE)= DO 4 SETS OF 20-25 REPS EACH.

"WORDS OF WISDOM"- I KNOW THAT EVERY MAN WANTS TO HAVE BIG ARMS, BUT IT MAY NOT SOUND GOOD TO YOUR EARS, THAT BISCEPS AND TRICEPS TOGETHER REPRESENT JUST 8% OF THE OVERALL MUSCLES IN OUR BODY AND BISCEPS CONTAIN 3% OF THE TOTAL MUSCLE MASS IN OUR BODY. SO PLEASE, CONCENTRATE MORE ON YOUR THIGHS, BACK, AND CHEST; WHICH CONTAIN MAXIMUM MUSCLES MASS WHEN COMBINED TOGETHER(78%). ANOTHER BENEFIT IS, MORE MUSCLES IN YOUR BODY RESULTS IN LESS STORAGE AREA FOR FAT AND HIGHER METABOLIC RATE WHICH IS A SIGN OF HEALTHY AND FIT BODY.

"SMART TRAINING TIP"- IN ORDER TO GET MORE SIZE FROM YOUR ARMS, CONCENTRATE MORE ON YOUR TRICEPS AS THEY CONSTITUE 70% OF YOUR TOTAL ARM SIZE. SO MORE TRICEPS SIZE MEAN BIG ARM SIZE, ALONGWITH THE POWER TO LIFT YOUR GIRLFRIENDS AND WIFE WITHOUT ANY STRAIN.

VI. Plan 6: Friday
ITS THURSDAY AND WE DO,POWER TRAINING(DEAD LIFT),SOME CARDIO EXERCISES AND ABS

DEADLIFTS
==========
INTRO:- DEADLIFTS ARE THE PURE FORM OF ENERGY BOOSTING EXERCISES WHICH INVOLVES EVERY POSSIBLE MUSCLE IN OUR BODY AND INCREASES OVERALL STRENGTH.

HOW TO DO IT?
GRAB A LONG ROD WITH A HEAVY GRIP AND PUT WEIGHTS IN IT. THE WEIGHT DEPENDS UPON YOUR LEVELS OF POWER TRAINING.

LEVEL-1(BEGINNER) THE WEIGHT SHOUILD BE A BIT >50% OF YOUR BODY WEIGHT.

LEVEL-2(INTERMEDIATE) THE WEIGHT SHOULD BE >75% OF YOUR BODY WEIGHT BUT LESS THAN OVERALL BODY WEIGHT.

LEVEL-(ADVANCED) THE WEIGHT SHOULD BE >90% OF YOUR BODY WEIGHT OR MORE DEPENDING ON YOUR CAPACITY.

A DEADLIFT, AS THE NAME SAYS IS A VERY RISKY EXERCISE IF NOT DONE CORRECTLY AND INVOLVES LOT OF CONCENTRATION, COZ 1 WRONG MOVE CAN PERMANENTLY END YOUR BODY BUILDING PASSION.SO BE CAREFUL.

CORRECT WAY TO DO DEADLIFT:- STAND STRAIGHT IN FRONT OF THE ROD, LOWER YOUR KNEES WITH BACK STRAIGHT,SO THAT THEY ARE PARALLEL TO FLOOR,GRAB THE ROD WITH SHOULDER WIDTH AND SLOWLY LIFT YOURSELF UP

IMPORTANT:-DONT BEND UR BACK WHILE LIFTING, OTHERWISE U WILL SLIP YOUR BACK DISK.KEEP UR HEAD FACING UPWARDS TO THE BACK STRAIGHT.

DO 2 SETS OF 5-7 REPS EACH AND THATS IT.

CARDIO-EXERCISES
================
A COMBINATION OF VARIOUS STRETCHES AND MOVEMENTS WHICH RELAXES YOUR MUSCLE AND TONES YOUR BODY. DO THEM IN A MEDIUM PACE FOR MAXIMUM BENEFIT. DANCING IS A CARDIO-VASCULAR EXERCISE(ANOTHER REASON TO HIT THE NEARBY DISC WITH YOUR GIRL AND HIT THE FLOOR, MINUS ALCOHOL)

ABDOMINALS
==========
U CAN DO AB-CRUNCHES AND STOMACH CRUNCHES TILL THE POINT U START CRYING DUE TO PAIN IN YOUR ABDOMEN.

IMPORTANT:- DO ABS JUST 2-3 DAYS A WEEK AND DO NOT OVERDO IT AS IT CAUSES PAIN YOUR BACK AND WONT ALLOW UR MUSCLES TO RECOVER. DOING CRUNCHES WONT GET U ABS, BUT WOULD CONDITION THEM AS THEY ARE ALREADY PRESENT IN YOUR STOMACH. ITS HIDDEN BECAUSE OF THE FAT LAYER SURROUNDING YOUR ABDOMEN. TRY TO BRING YOUR FAT LEVELS TO LESS THAN 10% OF TOTAL BODY FAT AND U ARE A GREEK GOD.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++END+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The above contents are reffered from"Orkut> Communities > Health, Wellness & Fitness > I LOVE TO WORKOUT AT THE GYM > Forum >'WORKOUT PLAN FOR A WORKING MAN'-by SAURABH SHARMA".

Java Sound

2009-07-09T22:04:00.001-07:00

The Java Sound API is a low-level API for effecting and controlling the input and output of sound media, including both audio and Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) data. The Java Sound API provides explicit control over the capabilities normally required for sound input and output, in a framework that promotes extensibility and flexibility.

The Java Sound API fulfills the needs of a wide range of application developers. Potential application areas include:

Communication frameworks, such as conferencing and telephony
End-user content delivery systems, such as media players and music using streamed content
Interactive application programs, such as games and Web sites that use dynamic content
Content creation and editing
Tools, toolkits, and utilities

The Java Sound API provides the lowest level of sound support on the Java platform. It provides application programs with a great amount of control over sound operations, and it is extensible. For example, the Java Sound API supplies mechanisms for installing, accessing, and manipulating system resources such as audio mixers, MIDI synthesizers, other audio or MIDI devices, file readers and writers, and sound format converters. The Java Sound API does not include sophisticated sound editors or graphical tools, but it provides capabilities upon which such programs can be built. It emphasizes low-level control beyond that commonly expected by the end user.

The Java Sound API includes support for both digital audio and MIDI data. These two major modules of functionality are provided in separate packages:

javax.sound.sampled
This package specifies interfaces for capture, mixing, and playback of digital (sampled) audio.
javax.sound.midi
This package provides interfaces for MIDI synthesis, sequencing, and event transport.

Two other packages permit service providers (as opposed to application developers) to create custom software components that extend the capabilities of an implementation of the Java Sound API:

This page introduces the sampled-audio system, the MIDI system, and the SPI packages. Each package is then discussed in greater detail later in the tutorial.

Note: There are other Java platform APIs that also have sound-related elements. The Java Media Framework API (JMF) is a higher-level API that is currently available as a Standard Extension to the Java platform. JMF specifies a unified architecture, messaging protocol, and programming interface for capturing and playing back time-based media. JMF provides a simpler solution for basic media-player application programs, and it enables synchronization between different media types, such as audio and video. On the other hand, programs that focus on sound can benefit from the Java Sound API, especially if they require more advanced features, such as the ability to carefully control buffered audio playback or directly manipulate a MIDI synthesizer. Other Java APIs with sound aspects include Java 3D and APIs for telephony and speech. An implementation of any of these APIs might use an implementation of the Java Sound API internally, but is not required to do so.

What is Sampled Audio?

The javax.sound.sampled package handles digital audio data, which the Java Sound API refers to as sampled audio. Samples are successive snapshots of a signal. In the case of audio, the signal is a sound wave. A microphone converts the acoustic signal into a corresponding analog electrical signal, and an analog-to-digital converter transforms that analog signal into a sampled digital form. The following figure shows a brief moment in a sound recording.

A Sampled Sound Wave

This graph plots sound pressure (amplitude) on the vertical axis, and time on the horizontal axis. The amplitude of the analog sound wave is measured periodically at a certain rate, resulting in the discrete samples (the red data points in the figure) that comprise the digital audio signal. The center horizontal line indicates zero amplitude; points above the line are positive-valued samples, and points below are negative. The accuracy of the digital approximation of the analog signal depends on its resolution in time (the sampling rate) and its quantization, or resolution in amplitude (the number of bits used to represent each sample). As a point of reference, the audio recorded for storage on compact discs is sampled 44,100 times per second and represented with 16 bits per sample.

The term "sampled audio" is used here slightly loosely. A sound wave could be sampled at discrete intervals while being left in an analog form. For purposes of the Java Sound API, however, "sampled audio" is equivalent to "digital audio."

Typically, sampled audio on a computer comes from a sound recording, but the sound could instead be synthetically generated (for example, to create the sounds of a touch-tone telephone). The term "sampled audio" refers to the type of data, not its origin.

The Java Sound API does not assume a specific audio hardware configuration; it is designed to allow different sorts of audio components to be installed on a system and accessed by the API. The Java Sound API supports common functionality such as input and output from a sound card (for example, for recording and playback of sound files) as well as mixing of multiple streams of audio. Here is one example of a typical audio architecture:

A Typical Audio Architecture

In this example, a device such as a sound card has various input and output ports, and mixing is provided in the software. The mixer might receive data that has been read from a file, streamed from a network, generated on the fly by an application program, or produced by a MIDI synthesizer. The mixer combines all its audio inputs into a single stream, which can be sent to an output device for rendering.

What is MIDI?

The javax.sound.midi package contains APIs for transporting and sequencing MIDI events, and for synthesizing sound from those events.

Whereas sampled audio is a direct representation of a sound itself, MIDI data can be thought of as a recipe for creating a sound, especially a musical sound. MIDI data, unlike audio data, does not describe sound directly. Instead, it describes events that affect the sounds (or actions) performed by a MIDI-enabled device or instrument, such as a synthesizer. MIDI data is analogous to a graphical user interface's keyboard and mouse events. In the case of MIDI, the events can be thought of as actions upon a musical keyboard, along with actions on various pedals, sliders, switches, and knobs on that musical instrument. These events need not actually originate with a hardware musical instrument; they can be simulated in software, and they can be stored in MIDI files. A program that can create, edit, and perform these files is called a sequencer. Many computer sound cards include MIDI-controllable music synthesizer chips to which sequencers can send their MIDI events. Synthesizers can also be implemented entirely in software. The synthesizers interpret the MIDI events that they receive and produce audio output. Usually the sound synthesized from MIDI data is musical sound (as opposed to speech, for example). MIDI synthesizers are also capable of generating various kinds of sound effects.

Some sound cards include MIDI input and output ports to which external MIDI hardware devices (such as keyboard synthesizers or other instruments) can be connected. From a MIDI input port, an application program can receive events generated by an external MIDI-equipped musical instrument. The program might play the musical performance using the computer's internal synthesizer, save it to disk as a MIDI file, or render it into musical notation. A program might use a MIDI output port to play an external instrument, or to control other external devices such as recording equipment.

The following diagram illustrates the functional relationships between the major components in a possible MIDI configuration based on the Java Sound API. (As with audio, the Java Sound API permits a variety of MIDI software devices to be installed and interconnected. The system shown here is just one potential scenario.) The flow of data between components is indicated by arrows. The data can be in a standard file format, or (as indicated by the key in the lower right corner of the diagram), it can be audio, raw MIDI bytes, or time-tagged MIDI messages.

A Possible MIDI Configuration

In this example, the application program prepares a musical performance by loading a musical score that's stored as a standard MIDI file on a disk (left side of the diagram). Standard MIDI files contain tracks, each of which is a list of time-tagged MIDI events. Most of the events represent musical notes (pitches and rhythms). This MIDI file is read and then "performed" by a software sequencer. A sequencer performs its music by sending MIDI messages to some other device, such as an internal or external synthesizer. The synthesizer itself may read a soundbank file containing instructions for emulating the sounds of certain musical instruments. If not, the synthesizer will play the notes stored in the MIDI file using whatever instrument sounds are already loaded into it.

As illustrated, the MIDI events must be translated into raw (non-time-tagged) MIDI before being sent through a MIDI output port to an external MIDI instrument. Similarly, raw MIDI data coming into the computer from an external MIDI source (a keyboard instrument, in the diagram) is translated into time-tagged MIDI messages that can control a synthesizer, or that a sequencer can store for later use.

Service Provider Interfaces

The javax.sound.sampled.spi and javax.sound.midi.spi packages contain APIs that let software developers create new audio or MIDI resources that can be provided separately to the user and "plugged in" to an existing implementation of the Java Sound API. Here are some examples of services (resources) that can be added in this way:

An audio mixer
A MIDI synthesizer
A file parser that can read or write a new type of audio or MIDI file
A converter that translates between different sound data formats

In some cases, services are software interfaces to the capabilities of hardware devices, such as sound cards, and the service provider might be the same as the vendor of the hardware. In other cases, the services exist purely in software. For example, a synthesizer or a mixer could be an interface to a chip on a sound card, or it could be implemented without any hardware support at all.

An implementation of the Java Sound API contains a basic set of services, but the service provider interface (SPI) packages allow third parties to create new services. These third-party services are integrated into the system in the same way as the built-in services. The AudioSystem class and the MidiSystem class act as coordinators that let application programs access the services explicitly or implicitly. Often the existence of a service is completely transparent to an application program that uses it. The service-provider mechanism benefits users of application programs based on the Java Sound API, because new sound features can be added to a program without requiring a new release of the JDK or runtime environment, and, in many cases, without even requiring a new release of the application program itself.

The above content is taken from: http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/sound/index.html

Sony Ericsson Service Center in DADAR(w)

2009-01-29T08:42:00.000-08:00

SAP Mobile Service Center

Ground Floor, Shop No.2,
Chandan Mansion building,
Opp Portugese church,
Gokhale Cross road no 1,
Dadar(w).
Mumbai-28.

Tel No: 24302805

Review : Very Nice customer Interaction, They take less time then any other service center of sonyErcisson on western Line, They just took 35 mins to solve my P1i 's jogdial problem.

Rock Rapling

2009-01-13T09:33:00.000-08:00

10 January 2009

Rock Rapling in Lonavla.
300 feet rock rapling.
Awesome experience.

My video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBFv2yObMpA
[While taking stanz]

My Pics : http://picasaweb.google.co.in/lh/sredir?uname=saliljosh&target=ALBUM&id=5290677189552319121&authkey=7cB76X0Rse4&feat=email

Weight Loss Just By Drinking Water

2009-01-06T06:24:00.000-08:00

Make A Successful Weight Loss Just By Drinking Water - Maybe The Easiest Weight Loss Method

Well, you may have heard it before - you can lose weight just by drinking pure plain water. Do you think it is like that? Yes, it is, you can lose weight just by drinking water. I will explain why it is so.
There are studies that show that just by drinking water your metabolism will increase with up to 30 percentages. That is quite impressive, isn't it? To make your weight loss possible you need to drink eight glasses of water every day, and if you have lots of overweight you need to drink a few glasses more. If you live in a warm climate or if you exercise very intensive you need to drink more than the eight glasses. You maybe think that eight glasses is much water to drink, but you shouldn't drink it at the same time; instead you need to spread it out throughout the day.

Drinking water is not only great for your weight loss. Just by drinking lots of water you will look better because and your skin will become more glowing. Your muscles will work more effective when you exercise which will lead to a better shaped body.
A few tips about how you should act when you decide to lose weight just by drinking water:

Start every morning with a glass of water.
Drink a glass of water before every meal.
Drink lukewarm water, it may be easier to drink lots of water when it isn't cold.
Add a slice of lemon if you don't like the taste of the water.
Avoid drinking just before you go to bed.

Drinking water is a cheap and very effective way to lose weight, but often you need to add some diet and exercise to make your weight loss effective.

By Jane Olsson

Kingston 32GB Pen Drive Problem, DO NOT BUY!

2009-01-05T05:04:00.000-08:00

Do not buy Kingston 32 GB pen drive, they got a problem.
It shows 32GB from properties, even it copies files, but the files in the pendrive get corrupted.

Remote Desktop Connection On WIndows xp

2008-12-02T23:04:00.000-08:00

Windows XP Professional and Windows XP Media Center Edition (MCE) has Remote Desktop (RDP) service that allows the computer to be remotely connected, accessed and controlled from another computer or host. However, Windows XP machine only allows one concurrent remote desktop connection from a single user been connected to it with no multiple remote desktop sessions or connections support.

Whenever there is a remote user who user Remote Desktop Connection (RDC) client to connect to a Windows XP host, the local user is disconnected with the local console screen locked, with or without his or her permission. Remote Desktop, unlike Terminal Server Services in Windows 2000, Server 2003 and Server 2008, is designed for single user use only, no matter it’s local or remote user.

Here’s a hack to unlock the single user limitation and enable multiple concurrent remote desktop connection sessions support in Windows XP Professional and Media Center Edition, using a either a patched termserv.dll or old patched cracked termserv.dll build version version 5.1.2600.2055, so that unlimited users can simultaneously connect to a computer via Remote Desktop.

Download a copy of patched termsrv.dll (in ZIP file) which has the Remote Desktop connection limitation deactivated for your version of Windows XP:
Windows XP RTM, SP1 and SP2: termsrv.dll (version 5.1.2600.2055)
Windows XP SP2: termsrv.dll (version 5.1.2600.2180)
Windows XP SP3: termsrv.dll (version 5.1.2600.5512)

For information, the termsrv.dll patch normally has the following HEX code bits overwritten with following value:

00022A17: 74 75
00022A69: 7F 90
00022A6A: 16 90
Restart the computer and boot info Safe Mode
by pressing F8 during initial boot up and select Safe Mode. This step is only required if you’re currently running Windows Terminal Services or Remote Desktop service, and System File Protection has to be skipped and bypassed, else it will prompt the following error message to restore the original termsrv.dll.
Go to %windir%\System32 and make a backup copy (or rename) the termsrv.dll.
Rename or delete the termserv.dll in the %windir%\System32\dllcache folder.
Copy the downloaded termsrv.dll into %windir%\System32, %windir%\ServicePackFiles\i386 (if exist) and %windir%\System32\dllcache.
Then download and run the ts_multiple_sessions.bat (in ZIP file) to merge the registry value into registery, or you can run Registry Editor to manually add the following registry value:
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\Terminal Server\Licensing Core]
“EnableConcurrentSessions”=dword:00000001

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]
“EnableConcurrentSessions”=dword:00000001

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]
“AllowMultipleTSSessions”=dword:00000001
Click on Start Menu -> Run command and type gpedit.msc, follow by Enter to open up the Group Policy Editor.
Navigate to Computer Configuration -> Administrative Templates -> Windows Components -> Terminal Services.
Enable Limit Number of Connections and set the number of connections to 3 (or more). The setting allows more than one users to use the computer and logged on at the same time.
Ensure the Remote Desktop is enabled in System Properties’ Remote tab by selecting the radio button for Allow users to connect remotely to this computer.
Enable and turn on Fast User Switching in Control Panel -> User Accounts -> Change the way users log on or off.
Restart the computer normally.

Note that if you cannot replace or overwrite termserv.dll with access denied or file in use error, turn off the “Termine Services” in “Services” control panel of “Administrator Tools”. Besides, each connecting physical connections must have their own user account in the target host, and must authenticate with corresponding own user name and password credential.

To uninstall and revert back to original termsrv.dll, simply delete the patched version, and rename the backup copy back to “termsrv.dll”. You probably have to do it in Safe Mode if the Terminal Services is enabled and running.

If the Windows XP computer is connected to a domain on local networks, Windows will set the value of the regkey “AllowMultipleTSSessions” to “0″ every time the computer is restarted. To ensure that multiple or unlimited Remote Desktop connection sessions is allowed in AD domain environment, the value data for “AllowMultipleTSSessions” has to be set to “1″ on each system startup. To change the value, simply rerun the ts_multiple_sessions.bat every time the computer is started. Alternatively, put the ts_multiple_sessions.bat at C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\Startup folder so that it will be automatically run on first user with administrative privileges that logs on to the desktop. Another workaround is to install additional service or define a sub-key in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run registry branch that run the registry batch file

automatically on boot up, and this is useful if the computer won’t be logged on by anybody, but still requires the hack to allow unlimited Remote Desktop users to work.

Another issue is that if user closes the remote connection instead of logging off, when he or she tries to log back in, an error message related to TCP/IP event ID 4226 may occur. To resolve the issue, download and apply the Windows XP TCP/IP connection limit and Event ID 4226 patch, and set the connections to at least 50.

JAVA CODE TO COPY A FILE FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER.

2008-11-25T21:10:00.000-08:00

This example illustrates how to copy contents from one file to another file. This topic is related to the I/O (input/output) of java.io package.

In this example we are using File class of java.io package. The File class is an abstract representation of file and directory pathnames. This class is an abstract, system-independent view of hierarchical pathnames. An abstract pathname has two components:

An optional system-dependent prefix string,
such as a disk-drive specifier, "/" for the UNIX root directory, or "\\" for a Win32 UNC pathname, and
A sequence of zero or more string names.

Explanation

This program copies one file to another file. We will be declaring a function called copyfile which copies the contents from one specified file to another specified file.

copyfile(String srFile, String dtFile)

The function copyfile(String srFile, String dtFile) takes both file name as parameter. The function creates a new File instance for the file name passed as parameter

File f1 = new File(srFile);
File f2 = new File(dtFile);

and creates another InputStream instance for the input object and OutputStream instance for the output object passed as parameter

InputStream in = new FileInputStream(f1);
OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(f2);

and then create a byte type buffer for buffering the contents of one file and write to another specified file from the first one specified file.

// For creating a byte type buffer
byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
// For writing to another specified file from buffer buf
out.write(buf, 0, len);

________________________________________________________________________

Code of the Program :

import java.io.*;

public class CopyFile{
  private static void copyfile(String srFile, String dtFile){
    try{
      File f1 = new File(srFile);
      File f2 = new File(dtFile);
      InputStream in = new FileInputStream(f1);
      
      //For Append the file.
//      OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(f2,true);

      //For Overwrite the file.
      OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(f2);

      byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
      int len;
      while ((len = in.read(buf)) > 0){
        out.write(buf, 0, len);
      }
      in.close();
      out.close();
      System.out.println("File copied.");
    }
    catch(FileNotFoundException ex){
      System.out.println(ex.getMessage() + " in the specified directory.");
      System.exit(0);
    }
    catch(IOException e){
      System.out.println(e.getMessage());      
    }
  }
  public static void main(String[] args){
    switch(args.length){
      case 0: System.out.println("File has not mentioned.");
          System.exit(0);
      case 1: System.out.println("Destination file has not mentioned.");
          System.exit(0);
      case 2: copyfile(args[0],args[1]);
          System.exit(0);
      default : System.out.println("Multiple files are not allow.");
            System.exit(0);
    }
  }
}

Solution to Remote Desktop Connection Error : maximum number of connections exceeed

2008-11-20T21:00:00.000-08:00

How to solve the error saying number of connections exceeded,

1. From the same local machine.

Type the following in the command prompt....
1) query session
..........you will see the list of on-going sessions.
2) reset session [ID]
........ enter the seeion id of which you need to reset the connection.
3) query session
......just to check, if still the session exist.

2. From the remote machine.

Type the following in the command prompt....

1) query session /server:192.168.0.5
..........you will see the list of on-going sessions.
2) reset session [ID] /server:192.168.0.5
........ enter the seeion id of which you need to reset the connection.
3) query session /server:192.168.0.5
......just to check, if still the session exist.

LHC : LARGE HADRON COLLIDER

2008-11-20T02:35:00.000-08:00

What is LHC?

Our understanding of the Universe is about to change...

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a gigantic scientific instrument near Geneva, where it spans the border between Switzerland and France about 100 m underground. It is a particle accelerator used by physicists to study the smallest known particles – the fundamental building blocks of all things. It will revolutionise our understanding, from the minuscule world deep within atoms to the vastness of the Universe.

Two beams of subatomic particles called 'hadrons' – either protons or lead ions – will travel in opposite directions inside the circular accelerator, gaining energy with every lap. Physicists will use the LHC to recreate the conditions just after the Big Bang, by colliding the two beams head-on at very high energy. Teams of physicists from around the world will analyse the particles created in the collisions using special detectors in a number of experiments dedicated to the LHC.

There are many theories as to what will result from these collisions, but what's for sure is that a brave new world of physics will emerge from the new accelerator, as knowledge in particle physics goes on to describe the workings of the Universe. For decades, the Standard Model of particle physics has served physicists well as a means of understanding the fundamental laws of Nature, but it does not tell the whole story. Only experimental data using the higher energies reached by the LHC can push knowledge forward, challenging those who seek confirmation of established knowledge, and those who dare to dream beyond the paradigm.

WHY LHC?

A few unanswered questions...

The LHC was built to help scientists to answer key unresolved questions in particle physics. The unprecedented energy it achieves may even reveal some unexpected results that no one has ever thought of!

For the past few decades, physicists have been able to describe with increasing detail the fundamental particles that make up the Universe and the interactions between them. This understanding is encapsulated in the Standard Model of particle physics, but it contains gaps and cannot tell us the whole story. To fill in the missing knowledge requires experimental data, and the next big step to achieving this is with LHC.

Newton's unfinished business...

What is mass?

What is the origin of mass? Why do tiny particles weigh the amount they do? Why do some particles have no mass at all? At present, there are no established answers to these questions. The most likely explanation may be found in the Higgs boson, a key undiscovered particle that is essential for the Standard Model to work. First hypothesised in 1964, it has yet to be observed.

The ATLAS and CMS experiments will be actively searching for signs of this elusive particle.

An invisible problem...

What is 96% of the universe made of?

Everything we see in the Universe, from an ant to a galaxy, is made up of ordinary particles. These are collectively referred to as matter, forming 4% of the Universe. Dark matter and dark energy are believed to make up the remaining proportion, but they are incredibly difficult to detect and study, other than through the gravitational forces they exert. Investigating the nature of dark matter and dark energy is one of the biggest challenges today in the fields of particle physics and cosmology.

The ATLAS and CMS experiments will look for supersymmetric particles to test a likely hypothesis for the make-up of dark matter.

Nature's favouritism...

Why is there no more antimatter?

We live in a world of matter – everything in the Universe, including ourselves, is made of matter. Antimatter is like a twin version of matter, but with opposite electric charge. At the birth of the Universe, equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been produced in the Big Bang. But when matter and antimatter particles meet, they annihilate each other, transforming into energy. Somehow, a tiny fraction of matter must have survived to form the Universe we live in today, with hardly any antimatter left. Why does Nature appear to have this bias for matter over antimatter?

The LHCb experiment will be looking for differences between matter and antimatter to help answer this question. Previous experiments have already observed a tiny behavioural difference, but what has been seen so far is not nearly enough to account for the apparent matter–antimatter imbalance in the Universe.

Secrets of the Big Bang

What was matter like within the first second of the Universe’s life?

Matter, from which everything in the Universe is made, is believed to have originated from a dense and hot cocktail of fundamental particles. Today, the ordinary matter of the Universe is made of atoms, which contain a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, which in turn are made of quarks bound together by other particles called gluons. The bond is very strong, but in the very early Universe conditions would have been too hot and energetic for the gluons to hold the quarks together. Instead, it seems likely that during the first microseconds after the Big Bang the Universe would have contained a very hot and dense mixture of quarks and gluons called quark–gluon plasma.

The ALICE experiment will use the LHC to recreate conditions similar to those just after the Big Bang, in particular to analyse the properties of the quark-gluon plasma.

Hidden worlds…

Do extra dimensions of space really exist?

Einstein showed that the three dimensions of space are related to time. Subsequent theories propose that further hidden dimensions of space may exist; for example, string theory implies that there are additional spatial dimensions yet to be observed. These may become detectable at very high energies, so data from all the detectors will be carefully analysed to look for signs of extra dimensions.

How LHC WORKS ?

The LHC, the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, is the latest addition to CERN’s accelerator complex. It mainly consists of a 27 km ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way.

Inside the accelerator, two beams of particles travel at close to the speed of light with very high energies before colliding with one another. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field, achieved using superconducting electromagnets. These are built from coils of special electric cable that operates in a superconducting state, efficiently conducting electricity without resistance or loss of energy. This requires chilling the magnets to about ‑271°C – a temperature colder than outer space! For this reason, much of the accelerator is connected to a distribution system of liquid helium, which cools the magnets, as well as to other supply services.

Thousands of magnets of different varieties and sizes are used to direct the beams around the accelerator. These include 1232 dipole magnets of 15 m length which are used to bend the beams, and 392 quadrupole magnets, each 5–7 m long, to focus the beams. Just prior to collision, another type of magnet is used to 'squeeze' the particles closer together to increase the chances of collisions. The particles are so tiny that the task of making them collide is akin to firing needles from two positions 10 km apart with such precision that they meet halfway!

All the controls for the accelerator, its services and technical infrastructure are housed under one roof at the CERN Control Centre. From here, the beams inside the LHC will be made to collide at four locations around the accelerator ring, corresponding to the positions of the particle detectors.

Safety of LHC ?

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group (LSAG) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.

LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.

The following summarizes the main arguments given in the LSAG report. Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.

Cosmic rays

The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see - stars and galaxies still exist.

Microscopic black holes

Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.

According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.

Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.

Strangelets

Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.

Vacuum bubbles

There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.

Magnetic monopoles

Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.

Other aspects of LHC safety:

Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann et al. As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.

Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.

Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a 'Bose-Nova' in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.

We recall that 'Bose-Novae' are known to be related to chemical reactions that release an infinitesimal amount of energy by nuclear standards. We also recall that helium is one of the most stable elements known, and that liquid helium has been used in many previous particle accelerators without mishap. The facts that helium is chemically inert and has no nuclear spin imply that no 'Bose-Nova' can be triggered in the superfluid helium used in the LHC.

Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG

The papers by Giddings and Mangano and LSAG demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.

The paper by Giddings and Mangano has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal Physical Review D. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.

The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G. The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.

The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society. A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website, as well as here. (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.)

Thus, the conclusion that LHC collisions are completely safe has been endorsed by the three respected professional societies of physicists that have reviewed it, which rank among the most highly respected professional societies in the world.

World-renowned experts in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics, have also expressed clear individual opinions that LHC collisions are not dangerous:

"To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity."

Academician Vitaly Ginzburg, Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Institute, Moscow, and Russian Academy of Sciences

"The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis."

Prof. Sheldon Glashow, Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston University,

Prof. Frank Wilczek, Nobel Laureate in Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Prof. Richard Wilson, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard University

"The world will not come to an end when the LHC turns on. The LHC is absolutely safe. ... Collisions releasing greater energy occur millions of times a day in the earth's atmosphere and nothing terrible happens."

Prof. Steven Hawking, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge University

"Nature has already done this experiment. ... Cosmic rays have hit the moon with more energy and have not produced a black hole that has swallowed up the moon. The universe doesn't go around popping off huge black holes."

Prof. Edward Kolb, Astrophysicist, University of Chicago

"I certainly have no worries at all about the purported possibility of LHC producing microscopic black holes capable of eating up the Earth. There is no scientific basis whatever for such wild speculations."

Prof. Sir Roger Penrose, Former Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics, Oxford University

"There is no risk [in LHC collisions, and] the LSAG report is excellent."

Prof. Lord Martin Rees, UK Astronomer Royal and President of the Royal Society of London

"Those who have doubts about LHC safety should read LSAG report where all possible risks were considered. We can be sure that particle collisions at the LHC cannot lead to a catastrophic consequences."

Academician V.A. Rubakov, Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, and Russian Academy of Sciences

"We fully endorse the conclusions of the LSAG report: there is no basis for any concerns about the consequences of new particles or forms of matter that could possibly be produced at the LHC."

R. Aleksan et al., the 20 external members of the CERN Scientific Policy Committee, including Prof. Gerard 't Hooft, Nobel Laureate in Physics.

The overwhelming majority of physicists agree that microscopic black holes would be unstable, as predicted by basic principles of quantum mechanics. As discussed in the LSAG report, if microscopic black holes can be produced by the collisions of quarks and/or gluons inside protons, they must also be able to decay back into quarks and/or gluons. Moreover, quantum mechanics predicts specifically that they should decay via Hawking radiation.

Nevertheless, a few papers have suggested that microscopic black holes might be stable. The paper by Giddings and Mangano and the LSAG report analyzed very conservatively the hypothetical case of stable microscopic black holes and concluded that even in this case there would be no conceivable danger. Another analysis with similar conclusions has been documented by Dr. Koch, Prof. Bleicher and Prof. Stoecker of Frankfurt University and GSI, Darmstadt, who conclude:

"We discussed the logically possible black hole evolution paths. Then we discussed every single outcome of those paths and showed that none of the physically sensible paths can lead to a black hole disaster at the LHC."

Professor Roessler (who has a medical degree and was formerly a chaos theorist in Tuebingen) also raised doubts on the existence of Hawking radiation. His ideas have been refuted by Profs. Nicolai (Director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics - Albert-Einstein-Institut - in Potsdam) and Giulini, whose report (see here for the English translation, and here for further statements) point to his failure to understand general relativity and the Schwarzschild metric, and his reliance on an alternative theory of gravity that was disproven in 1915. Their verdict:

"[Roessler's] argument is not valid; the argument is not self-consistent."

The paper of Prof. Roessler has also been criticized by Prof. Bruhn of the Darmstadt University of Technology, who concludes that:

"Roessler's misinterpretation of the Schwarzschild metric [renders] his further considerations ... null and void. These are not papers that could be taken into account when problems of black holes are discussed."

A hypothetical scenario for possibly dangerous metastable black holes has recently been proposed by Dr. Plaga. The conclusions of this work have been shown to be inconsistent in a second paper by Giddings and Mangano, where it is also stated that the safety of this class of metastable black hole scenarios is already established by their original work.

FACTS & FIGURES ?

The largest machine in the world...

The precise circumference of the LHC accelerator is 26 659 m, with a total of 9300 magnets inside. Not only is the LHC the world’s largest particle accelerator, just one-eighth of its cryogenic distribution system would qualify as the world’s largest fridge. All the magnets will be pre‑cooled to -193.2°C (80 K) using 10 080 tonnes of liquid nitrogen, before they are filled with nearly 60 tonnes of liquid helium to bring them down to -271.3°C (1.9 K).

The fastest racetrack on the planet...

At full power, trillions of protons will race around the LHC accelerator ring 11 245 times a second, travelling at 99.99% the speed of light. Two beams of protons will each travel at a maximum energy of 7 TeV (tera-electronvolt), corresponding to head-to-head collisions of 14 TeV. Altogether some 600 million collisions will take place every second.

The emptiest space in the Solar System...

To avoid colliding with gas molecules inside the accelerator, the beams of particles travel in an ultra-high vacuum – a cavity as empty as interplanetary space. The internal pressure of the LHC is 10^-13 atm, ten times less than the pressure on the Moon!

The hottest spots in the galaxy, but even colder than outer space...

The LHC is a machine of extreme hot and cold. When two beams of protons collide, they will generate temperatures more than 100 000 times hotter than the heart of the Sun, concentrated within a minuscule space. By contrast, the 'cryogenic distribution system', which circulates superfluid helium around the accelerator ring, keeps the LHC at a super cool temperature of -271.3°C (1.9 K) – even colder than outer space!

The biggest and most sophisticated detectors ever built...

To sample and record the results of up to 600 million proton collisions per second, physicists and engineers have built gargantuan devices that measure particles with micron precision. The LHC's detectors have sophisticated electronic trigger systems that precisely measure the passage time of a particle to accuracies in the region of a few billionths of a second. The trigger system also registers the location of the particles to millionths of a metre. This incredibly quick and precise response is essential for ensuring that the particle recorded in successive layers of a detector is one and the same.

The most powerful supercomputer system in the world...

The data recorded by each of the big experiments at the LHC will fill around 100 000 dual layer DVDs every year. To allow the thousands of scientists scattered around the globe to collaborate on the analysis over the next 15 years (the estimated lifetime of the LHC), tens of thousands of computers located around the world are being harnessed in a distributed computing network called the Grid.

The ultimate guide to the LHC

More information, facts and figures on the LHC can be found in CERN FAQ – LHC the guide.